Sustaining Organizational Performance

Question: Compose a paper about the lean administration framework. Answer: Presentation Lean administration can be characterized as a methodology that encourages the running of an association towards accomplishing steady improvement. This is a drawn out methodology that would realize nonstop changes in the creation procedures to upgrade the effectiveness just as the nature of the creation procedures of the business association. Other than this, the lean administration framework recognizes each progression in the creation procedures of the business association and empowers the business association to roll out important improvements in the assembling procedure. On account of a mind boggling and imaginative creation limit, the lean administration framework will help the business endeavor in lessening business exercises that doesn't enhance the business association. 1. Improvement of Lean Management Lean creation has been done to lessen the pointless wastage of asset and encouraging cost control. Goetsch and Davis (2014) referenced that a lean put together creation is finished with respect to the premise of a redundant creation framework especially in the vehicle business. In any case, Fullerton et al. (2014) noticed the lean based creation framework would not be successful in the wake of thinking about the size of tasks, the creation cost required just as the idea of the creation and administration line the firm is working. Coming up next are the standards of lean administration. Time of lean usage - The advantages of lean can be gotten on the off chance that it is executed at the opportune time. Along these lines, the most steady time must be picked to embrace the lean creation to make least unsettling influence to the current business tasks. The lean activity would incurr extensive expense to the business venture. All things considered, Martnez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes (2014) noticed that the reception of lean creation. Evaluating the multifaceted nature of the creation procedure Bhasin (2015) referenced that the lean administration method can actualized in the business association in the wake of examining the unpredictability of the business forms. Properties like the degree of framework impromptu creation, the advantages of procedure just as the devices and the procedures utilized in the creation procedure. Forestalling the procedure action in confinement The lean administration procedure can be improved in the event that it is executed in the lean administration forms. Dependability and routine procedures - The lean administration has been a steady just as a standard procedure with a pre-decided arrangement set at the start. In this way, it has been an essential development to improve the operational procedure of the business substance with the base wastage of time and assets. As per Vigor (2015), the absence of solidness in the lean administration forms will hamper the lean administration forms in the creation method in the association. Creation of high volume - The lean administration framework builds the creation volume in the business association, in this manner, helping the creation forms. Clark et al (2013) expressed that the lean administration process has a foreordained arrangement identifying with the creation procedure, consequently, encouraging the creation procedure in the business association. Stable workforce - The lean administration forms require a steady workforce to execute the vital modifications in the creation procedure. In such manner, the workforce must be satisfactorily prepared to empower the business association to receive the rewards of the lean administration process. Conventional expectation to absorb information Soares (2013) expressed that the association would increase continuous information and involvement with the lean administration forms. Also, the conventional expectation to learn and adapt would encourage the business association to investigate fresher strategies for creation that would build the pace of profitability and decrease the operational costs of the business undertaking. As per Blijleven and Gong (2015) referenced that the curiosity just as the need nature with the learning procedures of the business association would be adverse to the execution of the lean administration forms in the business association. On account of low multifaceted nature in the business association, it is basic that first request learning has been utilized to refute oddity by improving information about the recently given dubious assignments. Disturbances There will be relevant interruptions in the assembling procedure of the business undertaking if the lean administration process is actualized in the business association. In this manner, fundamental measures will be executed to guarantee that the business association modify well to the changing procedures actualized in the business substance. As indicated by Martins et al. (2015), interruptions are an important piece of the lean administration forms embraced in the business substance. Along these lines, breaks in the operational piece of the business element are a typical element that must be managed effectively to fill the need of the business venture. Surveying the worth and waste - The estimation of lean administration forms in the business association ought to at ordinary time frames according to the drawn out destinations and the objectives of the business association. In this way, Sparrow (2015) noticed that checking the procedures of the administration will be successful to help the business association in accomplishing the drawn out destinations of the association. Surveying lean-Excessive utilization of the lean procedures of a business association will be adverse to the monetary quality of a business element. This would improve the day by day operational procedures of the business substance and increment the consumptions, consequently, unfavorably impacting the money related quality of the business venture. Bhasin (2015) referenced that lean administration method will be limited according to the requirements of the association As per Ballard and Tommelein (2012), the lean administration approach stresses on forms comprising of endeavors and exercises that increases the value of the end client. In this manner exercises which don't increase the value of the customer are arranged pointless and accordingly prompts money related misfortunes for the business undertaking. Consequently, the lead the executives forms increases the value of the customer and should be possible with lesser assets. 2. Utilization of Lean Techniques in Complex and Innovative Areas The lean administration framework must be deliberately utilized on account of unpredictable just as imaginative business frameworks. Therefore, the administration of the business element must be cautious in choosing the idea of the procedures to help the business association in improving the creation procedures of the association. As per Meiling et al (2012), the lean administration forms must be executed subsequent to thinking about the size of activities, the idea of the item and the administration line the firm is working. On account of the unpredictable tasks, there are sure starting costs that the business undertaking needs to stand to guarantee smoother business activities. Also, the lean administration framework would cause certain extra expenses to encourage legitimate usage of the lean administration framework in the business association. The usage of lean administration forms will rely upon the idea of the item and the administration line, the firm is at present working. Al ong these lines, the lean administration constituents and its suggestions will fluctuate according to the necessity and the kind of industry it is received. As per Martnez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes (2014), the conventional act of lean can prompt more prominent consumptions for the firm. Certain traits like the planning, activities scale just as the business condition have a basic impact on the operational procedures of the administration of the business endeavor. All things considered, the fundamental elements must be dealt with to help the creation procedures of the association. Likewise, the lean administration framework will likewise help the business undertaking in lessening the workforce. As per Jylha and Junnila (2013), on account of an intricate and inventive creation forms, the substance needs to break the old structure and make another one. The lean administration forms has the essential plan to supplant the current procedures of the business association to actualize the lean administration forms. This would help the business substance to lessen the expense of creation and give money saving advantages to the firm. The lean administration forms need to expand client esteem by limiting the misuse of budgetary just as non-money related assets of the business substance. As per Minh (2015), the lean administration forms need to cling to the organization rules to guarantee nonstop switches just as up degrees to the business endeavor. The lean administration arrangement of procedures needs to perceive each progression in the creation procedure that offers some benefit or causes misfortune to the creation procedure. With regards to a complex operational process, the lean administration forms helps the creation forms in the accompanying manners: Perceiving the necessities of the client and afterward making suitable strides for the development of the client. Distinguishing the means in the operational procedures that don't increase the value of the business association In such manner, it a can be said that the worth advances don't happen in a persistent advance. Guaranteeing consistent advancement in each to lessen the necessary wastage in the operational procedures, subsequently, supporting the association in its development. The lean administration association is result situated. Along these lines, the administration of the association need to structure the lean administration process in such a way to lead the business association to accomplish the pre-decided objectives and the goals of the business undertaking. Anyway Bhasin (2015) noticed that when the emphasis is on the final product, there can be sure acts of neglect that can have an antagonistic effect on the operational procedures of the transport

Ryle on Monism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ryle on Monism - Essay Example The body has physical presence and comprises of issue. Confirmations cited by Freud propose that a portion of the musings of an individual contrast from the contemplations which he truly recognizes. Notwithstanding, the basic comprehension is that an individual knows about his own considerations. As to, an individual can just make derivations from the watched conduct of the other individual. However, Ryle contends that this presence of mind understanding dependent on Descartes’ hypothesis is unsound and struggle with entire collection of information that we think about psyche. As per Ryle, the wellspring of such twofold life hypothesis is a direct result of classification botches. It resembles someone asking where the college is subsequent to seeing, different offices, libraries and research offices. The college is in reality simply the manner in which everything is sorted out. The equivalent is the error when a kid subsequent to seeing the walk past of batteries, groups, and so forth .asks when the division will show up. He should be clarified that forces, batteries and groups establish a division. Descartes sees human body as a complex sorted out unit and brain as simply one more unpredictable unit. Like body, minds are likewise things. Mental procedures are circumstances and end results. The brain administers the substantial motor albeit nothing is known about how it oversees the real motor. Ryle calls attention to that such clarification given by Decartes lays on a group of classification botches.

My most prized possesion Essay

My underlying idea was how might i be able to conceivably limit that down to only one single thing? Following fifteen minutes of gazing at a clear bit of paper attempting to make sense of what precisely I value most in my life, it hit me. The one thing in my life that plays the greatest and most significant job in my ordinary story is my wellbeing. At the point when individuals hear the word ownership they consequently think about an article having a place with one. Be that as it may, it is frequently overlooked that a belonging isn’t in every case only a physical material yet can be anything from a characteristic to a physical quality. From an exceptionally youthful age you are trained the numerous means expected to carry on with a solid way of life and keep up one’s wellbeing. These means have become some portion of our regular schedule that numerous individuals frequently start to underestimate their wellbeing as great wellbeing is seen as something that’s sim ply expected throughout everyday life, especially among youngsters. It regularly doesn’t cross the brains of individuals when they’re attempting to experience a bustling timetable ordinary notwithstanding, its our wellbeing that props us up, it’s our wellbeing that empowers us to live our lives ordinarily without stressing over dropping dead in the center of the road or having a cardiovascular failure while doing some staple goods. Great wellbeing is the genuine gem of life. My mom consistently instructed me to eat well. We would frequently arrive at an arrangement whereby in the event that I ate the entirety of my vegetables at supper, consequently, I would be permitted out on the green to play. My mom comprehended the significance of smart dieting while I generally thought she was driving me to eat â€Å"green wads of slime† to be malevolent. My dad selected me into my nearby soccer club and I would never get a handle on why. In any case, as the years flew by and I started to develop as a kid, I discovered this was supportive of my own great as he simply needed what’s best for me which was keeping up a decent physical wellbeing. As I developed and turned out to be increasingly mindful of my general surroundings, I saw that wellbeing is separated of my ordinary everyday practice and in spite of the fact that I might not have comprehended it at that point, I can see that the job it plays is more crucial than all else on the planet. Because of the sheer narcissistic and conceited activities of numerous individuals around the globe today, individuals are growing up feeling that cash can unravel everything. To keep great wellbeing, no cash is required. This reality is regularly relinquished because of basic expression frequently utilized â€Å"money causes the world to go round†. Regardless of whether you have all the cash on the planet, wellbeing will consistently dip in and come out ahead of the pack with regards to significance. Steve Jobs was one of the world’s most extravagant men, claiming one of theâ biggest organizations on the planet and having a complete total assets of around 7 billion dollars. In any case, that didn't prevent his malignancy from wantonly removing his life, at the youthful age of 56. In spite of claiming a colossal bit of the world’s cash, he was unable to purchase wellbeing, demonstrating that riches is unessential on the off chance that you don’t have the air in your lungs. In the event that wellbeing is lost, everything is lost, for example, the ability to work which can prompt numerous disasters, for example, destitution and hopelessness. in the event that great wellbeing was canceled, we would essentially blur away alongside the remainder of the world. To finish up, my wellbeing will consistently be my fundamental spotlight on life-intellectually and truly. I accept that in the event that I don’t live with a decent mental viewpoint, I will accomplish nothing.I consummately concur with the saying ‘health is wealth’. Sadly, not many consideration about this ‘wealth’. Individuals spend restless days and evenings, pursuing material riches overlooking that the initial step to gain material riches is to have acceptable wellbeing.

Descriptive Essay on Why Many People Have Pets

Descriptive Essay on Why Many People Have Pets Why Do Many People Have Pets? People decide to buy pets in different situations and for different reasons. Each purchase of pet has its own history and emotions behind, which is also very interesting feature of this reality. I will try to describe the most wide-spread situations and understand the major motives that drive people towards the purchase. Some people want to make new friends so as not be alone. They usually have not very sociable character, or just get into situation when their friends are far away, for instance, when moving to another city or country. In case of elderly people, they also get pets not to feel alone, as their children have already grown up and moved away. This motive is rather clear, to my mind, as a human cannot live outside society – he is either its part, or a loner, who, actually, usually has some pets as company. Another reason for buying pets is the necessity to care about someone. It is another interesting peculiarity of human psychology, and it originates from people’s desire to feel that he is needed and valued by someone. On the whole, it is one of the main missions of people– to bring new life into this world and care about it. But children grow so quickly that people satisfy this need only for about 15 years for each child, which is only a small part of our lives. And pets in this situation can be a perfect option. Besides, a lot of people just like pets – the way they look, behave and love their owners. Almost each person has his own favorite pet; tastes differ, but the motives are still the same. Of course, there are

Accuracy of Bayley Scores as Outcome Measures in Trials of...

Introduction Long-term follow-up of high risk preterm infants has become increasingly important as the proportion of infants surviving has increased steadily over the past several decades. It is well known that these infants are at increased risk of cognitive impairment. (Class) With this increase in at risk survivors, many clinical research questions arise that can only be answered by long-term follow-up studies. (Vohr, Teune) Clinical trials that examine common perinatal therapies should also include a long term follow-up component in their research to examine later neurodevelopmental outcomes in their cohorts. Although there is no prescribed protocol dictating which specific neurodevelopmental tests are to be completed during follow-up, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and all its revisions, is the most widely used test to assess neurodevelopment of very preterm infants in the first three years of life (Luttikhuizen) and is a common outcome measure used in clinical researc h trials. Standardized developmental assessments such as the Bayley that are used in a pediatric clinical trial setting as primary outcome measures need to be reliably administered and scored. Trained test administrators and scorers are generally careful that the tests they are administering are conducted and scored correctly. However, given the range of numerical calculations and transcriptions required in scoring the results of these tests, there is always a chance that errors

Stephen Cranes Red Badge of Courage as Bildungsroman Essay

Stephen Cranes Red Badge of Courage as Bildungsroman In the Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, the main character Henry Fleming joins the army as a young fledging and ultimately matures to a courageous soldier ready for battle. The Red Badge of Courage is considered a Bildungsroman since the reader traces Henry’s development morally, psychologically, and intellectually. Henry progresses from a feared youth who in the course of a couple of days, in the line of fire, has crossed the threshold to manhood. Henry Fleming’s growth is demonstrated after the first battle when he becomes mentally stronger and surmounts his fear of being a coward. Henry Fleming is a romantic dreamer, inspired by visions of a chivalric†¦show more content†¦He had not been aware of the process. He had slept and awakening, found himself a knight (Hart).† Henry’s hopes and confidence are suddenly crushed when the enemy reappears and Henry finds himself running from his post with the others and his worst fears are realized in this testimonial. Henry is still in the stages of development and although he overcomes his first testimonial, he still is a â€Å"fresh fish† in many ways. Henry suffers from shame when he realizes that his comrades have all held in line. Henry tries to justify with himself that he did the natural thing: run. This was what the squirrel did when he threw a pine at it and it was only natural to run to steer away from danger. Later, Henry encounters the tattered soldier and several men who display their â€Å"red badge of courage.† Henry wishes he had a wound displaying courage. The only wound Henry possesses is in his soul since he has such low self-esteem. It is the death of Jim Conklin, the epitome of courage, that makes Henry begin to realize the realities of war as he is beginning to e ncounter more with death. â€Å"The red sun was pasted in the sky like a wafer (Crane, 71).† The sun seems to be a symbol of Jim’s wound and of courage (Solomon). The death of Jim Conklin represented Henry’s childhood and the tattered soldier represents Henry’s idealized self, which is dying. Henry is deserting the image he had of himself before he joinedShow MoreRelatedRed Badge of Courage Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesTo Be or Not to Be†¦ A Man The Red Badge of Courage written by Stephen Crane is a prime example of bildungsroman, or a coming of age story. Crane begins with a cowardly boy, Henry Fleming, and ends with an experienced war hero who has learned not just what war really is, but who he really is. Mark Twain once said, â€Å"The fear of death follows from the fear of life. A man who lives fully is prepared to die at any time.† [Epigraph] Although he struggles to learn that being a soldier means more thanRead MoreSymbolic Meaning of the Land in Gone with the Wind6993 Words   |  28 Pages1949 she was killed in a car accident crossing Peachtree Street in Atlanta. Gone with the Wind differs from most Civil War novels by appreciating the South and depreciating the North. Other popular novels about the Civil War, such as Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage, are told from a Northern perspective and tend to exalt the Norths values. Mitchells novel is unique also for its portrayal of a strong-willed, independent woman, Scarlett OHara, who has many same characteristics with Mitchell

Evidence for and against the Serotonin Hypothesis of Depression

Question: Discuss About Evidence For And Against The Serotonin Hypothesis Of Depression? Answer: Introduction The fundamental idea stating the cause of depression as a serotonin imbalance within the body elicits a discussion that can be justified as a hypothesis, which adequately deserves ample evidence to either support or dispute. The serotonin hypothesis of depression, from Dr. Schildkraust in 1965, states that low levels or lack of serotonin within the brain causes depression, a condition that could be treated by antidepressants. The hypothesis, when compared to an earlier belief, is presently discussed that the mood disorders occurring repetitively in depression are brain infections or disorders that result from a variety of factors such as various degrees of biological, genetic and environmental factors that gradually change in the brain (Sanders, 1988). The serotonin hypothesis of depression over the years has stated that low levels of serotonin in the brain nerve cells cause depression. It has led to the development of antidepressant medication such as the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs work to maintain a high level of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the nerve cells of the brain by inhibiting its re absorption into the cells releasing it (Moreno and Kramer, 2002). According to Paul Andrews (2004), a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Mc Master University in Canada, the hypothesis might be incomplete since depression patients often find it hard to recover from the serotonin boosting medications. Many scientists have refuted the use of SSRIs in treatment of depression because when you accurately analyze their use, they put an obstacle in the path towards the recovery of a depressed patient instead of helping them. It occurs because, instead of them helping people to overcome depression, they interfere with the mechanisms of recovery within the brain (Louie and Meltzer, 2004). A decrease in the levels of serotonin (5-HT) has been hypothesized as the main pathogenic factor resulting to depression for almost half a century. SSRIs increase the levels of serotonin in the nerve cell spaces known as the synapses in a quick manner. In spite of this, the effect of the antidepressant will take many weeks to develop. According to Paul Andrews (2004), SSRIs work in repairing damage in the brain by the use of hormones and stress chemicals, a gradual process that takes several weeks (Louie and Meltzer, 2004). Moreover, Clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), showed a similar antidepressant efficacy with other TCAs. It stopped the serotonin uptake with a higher affinity of more than 100 folds and above than other inhibitors by the noradrenalin uptake. Such pharmacological studies have supported and facilitated the hypothesis of depression. This clinical observation of an increase in the release of serotonin contributes to an anti depressant effect that has been repeatedly supported .Nevertheless, for instance, the efficacy of SSRIs versus placebos(slow) may be strong in a moderately depressed in comparison to severely depressed patients (Sanders, 1988). It is difficult to quantify the amount of serotonin used and released in a safe way by the human brain. This can be estimated from evidence about serotonin levels metabolized by the brain and by inferences from animal studies. The best evidence against the hypothesis of depression states that not less but more serotonin is used and released during an episode of depression. This is to say that patients are left in worse conditions after using antidepressants. Furthermore, many forms of depression are beneficial adaptation to stress and are natural thus this might be against the serotonin hypothesis of depression and the use of antidepressants (Louie and Meltzer, 2004). Meltzer and Louie (1987) argue that a pharmacological lessening of the functions of serotonin enhances depression; nevertheless, the primary cause cannot be entirely attributed to serotonin deficiency. In the scientific literature and the lay media, it is frequently assumed that serotonin deficiency causes depression. This theoretically attractive assumption might be an overgeneralization or be premature. Clinical presentations of depression are wide since they include various syndromes which were initially separate and various disease aspects especially in melancholic versus an endogenous depression ( Meltzer and Louie, 1987, p. 136). In such clinical manifestations that are diverse, depression could represent various overlapping sources of pain that arise from unique and distinct causes. Moreover, symptomatology in depression can also arise from diverse neurological (for example the Alzheimers disease), endocrine (Cushing disease) and immunological causes (e.g. interferon treatment). Stressors of life such as social isolation, financial difficulties, childhood trauma and job insecurity are also significant factors in depression that demonstrate the importance of the environment in depression ( Mannl , 1989). In the past 40 years , several anomalies in regards to putative biomarkers of the central serotonin functions have been repeatedly reported in patients with depression, indicating that a deficiency in serotonin could be evidenced in depression especially the severely depressed or in suicidal patients. Iproniazid, a drug developed to treat tuberculosis, surprisingly showed an antidepressant activity in patients diagnosed with TB and who concurrently suffered from depression. Clinical studies indicated that Iproniziad inhibited the monoamine oxidase (MOA) enzyme A and B. These enzymes are responsible in metabolizing serotonin and subsequent monoamines .Furthermore; it also increased the serotonin concentrations in the brain thus helping in supporting the serotonin hypothesis of depression (Louie and Meltzer, 2004). Tryptophan Levels. In many clinical studies, an acute depletion of tryptophan leads to a frequent occurrence of mild depression symptoms even after treatment with antidepressants, this occurs by lowering the serotonin levels in the brain thus it can be a fundamental aspect in supporting the hypothesis. Tryptophan depletion in the brain is somehow a non-selective tool in probing the hypothesis, furthermore, its studies were not effective in alleviating depression (Fairburn and Smith, 1997). Tryptophan is an amino acid which most likely affects protein synthesis. The decrease in its levels probably affects the brain and mood by starving pathways of metabolism for example by impairing the kynurenic acid synthesis or neurobiological and quinoline substances.50 percent of patients diagnosed and treated with interferon alpha develop symptoms of depression after treatment. Another evidence that correlates with this study indicates that interferon alpha enhances the induction of indole amine 2, 3 dioxygenase, thus leading to the decrease in levels of tryptophan in the brain, therefore decrease in serotonin is involved herein (Fairburn and Smith, 1997). Another drug Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) prototype, was originally developed to treat schizophrenia but unluckily, the drug failed and it did not induce its antipsychotic effect but favorably showed actions against depression symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Consequently, imipramine was successfully adopted to induce the antidepressant effect on the body. In the 1960, chemical studies showed that other TCAs and imipramine blocked the serotonin reuptake .Within that same period, reports indicated that the precursors of serotonin, induced antidepressant effects and increased the brain serotonin levels in study animals (Fairburn and Smith, 1997). It has been reported that in particular patients, depression is precipitated by chronic depletion of serotonin due to vesicular monoamine transport inhibitor, reserpin. In high doses, it depletes extracellular and storage levels of serotonin, noradrenalin, and dopamine making it consistent to ascribe depressogenic effects of reserpine to one neurotransmitter. Studies have indicated that the link between depression and chronic reserpine treatment remains contentious. Studies done later on chronic reserpine treatments indicated less frequent depressogenic effects, a factor in varying the findings could be attributed to the differential schedules of dosing. In addition to that, chronic reserpine induces a weak antidepressant effect rather than a pro-depressant effect, so the cause of disagreement still lies in establishing whether the probability of depression is elicited by the deficiency of serotonin in neurotransmission (Stanley, 1985). Biomarkers or indirect measures have been used to probe for the brains serotonin system integrity over the last four decades. A primary metabolite of cerebrospinal fluids serotonin is 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid. It reflects the levels of 5-HIAA utilized as an index of neurotransmission within the brain. Studies have indicated a correlation between depression and low levels of CSF 5- HIAA and regarded them as inconsistent. The finding that is more robust is the relationship between aggression, suicidality or impulsivity with low 5 HIAA (Stanley, 1985). Acute stimulation of serotonin triggers a secretion of hormone prolactin, there is a complex mechanism involved in the release of the hormone, which is not defined. It appears that the mechanism involved includes oxytocin neurotransmitters .The amount of prolactin in the plasma increases fenfluramine, a brain serotonin biomarker, that challenges prolactin, where lower serotonin levels reflect a blunted response by the hormone ( Stanley, 1985). In depressed patients, low 5HIAA indicates that there is a minimal response of plasma prolactin to fenfluramine. Furthermore, inhibiting plasma prolactin due to activation of fenfluramine is more insightful in severely depressed patients. In addition to that, aggression and suicidality are also present. Increased cortical receptors, 5HT2AR of serotonin have been associated with depression, there is also a link between an increase in frontal 5 HT2ARs receptors and suicide. In contrast to this, there is a decrease in hippocampal receptors 5HT2ARs in chronic depressed people therefore indicating that necessarily, up regulation of serotonin receptors does not occur in depressed patients. A large groups of scientists report a lack of association in the levels of frontal cortex 5HT2ARr and suicide (Louie and Meltzer, 2004). In conclusion, the serotonin hypothesis might not be wrong or true but it might be incomplete. The association of serotonin levels with depression as the primary syndrome is not entirely conclusive. Considering the diversity of symptoms, disease severity in patients and the numerous etiology that underlie depression as a syndrome, its extremely difficult to associate depression to a particular body mechanism such as serotonin depletion within the brain. Nevertheless, when we shift focus to the analysis of severe depression or suicidality, an association of serotonin biomarker findings suggest that the serotonin deficiency could be linked to depression in some populations but the link does not essentially prove to be the cause. SSRI antidepressants reveal a superiority that is convincing over placebos entirely in depression that is severe while in adult depressed patients, studies indicate that antidepressants have the least effect against depression. It is therefore much persuading to include a hypothesis on serotonin deficiency (lack or a low level) as significantly a causal factor in particular subsets of depression patients and not completely all cases of depression. References Angel, M. (2000). Essential pharmacological neuroscientific basis and practical applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coppen, O.D. (1967). The biochemistry of serotonin and depression. British journal of Psychiatry, 114(12), 37 64. Fairburn, C.G. Smith, K.A. (1997). Depression relapses after a quick depletion of tryptophan. British Journal of Psychiatry, 34 (4), 5 9. Kandel, E.R. Schwartz, J. H. (1992). Principles of Neuroscience. New York: Elsevier Science. Louie, A.K. Meltzer, H.Y. (2004). Serotonin potentiating of antidepressant treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4(6), 316-322. Mannl, J. (1989). Evidence of the serotonin hypothesis of suicide. A review of postmortem studies. Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 7-14. Meltzer,H.Y. Lowy,M.T. (1987). The Serotonin Hypothesis of Depression in Psychopharmacology. The Third Generation of Progress. (2nd Edition). New York: Raven Press. Moreno, F. Kramer, P. (2002). Roles of serotonin and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 51 (1), 5-1. Sanders, B. E. (1988). The serotonin receptors. New Jersey: Clifton Press. Smith, W.K. (1987). The stress analogy. (1st Edition). New York: Mc Graw Hill. Stanley, M. (1985). Correlations between aminergic metabolites simultaneously obtained from human CSF brain. Journal of Life Science, 37 (12), 79-86. Steward, 0. (1988). Principles of cellular molecular and developmental neuroscience. New York: McGraw Hill.